Page 87 - Geopolítica del Mundo Actual. Una Visión Multidisciplinar

GEOPOLÍTICA DEL MUNDO ACTUAL. UNA VISIÓN MULTIDISCIPLINAR: Cultura de Paz, Conflflictos, Educación y Derechos Humanos
political, and civil rights changes.
When we talk about social rights and
citizenship, the welfare state structures play a huge role.Thewelfarestatestructuresareclassifiedbyusing three different dimensions: decommodification, the role of market and family on social service provision, social stratification. (Esping-Andersen, 1990) Regarding youth citizenship, the market and family’s role in social service provision is essential. The states’ role is usually to eliminate the social stratification within society. When the state does the service provision, the young people have the autonomy, but when the market or the family does it, the young people are valued concerning their market value or depending on their families to reach social rights. (Esping-Andersen, 2006; Yurttagüler, 2014) Spain falls into the Southern Welfare States classification due to its social and cultural norms as the family does the service provision. (Moreno, et al., 2013) Thus, the young people’s citizenship depends on their families rather than themselves.
The framework that I have used during the discussion of the political party agendas was based on Chevalier’s typology on youth citizenship. Chevalier (2016) classifies youth citizenship by using two dimensions ( economic and social citizenship ) and clusters youth citizenship as denied, second- class, monitored, and enabling. In his work, he defines the Spanish welfare state where youth citizenship is defined as denied youth citizenship due to the market’s selectiveness to reach out to the employment and dependency on the family to provide services such as housing and education. As young people cannot reach out the education or employment by using their capital, their autonomy is declined, and their citizenship is denied. To live, they need to be aligned with their families’ beliefs/ values or ideas rather than having their ideas. (Yurttagüler, 2014) That leads to a situation where young people cannot enjoy their rights fully, as in Spain’s case.
Lastly, Human Rights of Youth (A/HRC/39/33) defined as “(a)participation in politics and public decision making” which refers to their involvement to political decision making processes, “(b) From education to decent work : youth employment” as they can reach education and employment opportunities as equal members of the society, “(c)
Access to health services, in particular, sexual and reproductive health and rights” where their access is guaranteed to health services regardless gender or age, “(d) Conscientious objection to military service,” they can select to involve or not to involve in military services, “(e)Transitioning to autonomy in vulnerable situations” refers to the needs and challenges of the disadvantaged groups (migrants, refugees, young people with disabilities). During this work, I have analysed the areas mentioned above in the electoral agendas.
Spanish Reality on Youth
Spanish Youth has a variety of problems concerning employment, housing, education, and participation. Since the crisis in 2008, young people have been suffering from long- term unemployment, temporary contracts, underpayments, which results in late emancipation from the family home. Even though the youth unemployment in the last decade has been decreasing, Spain has a track record of having the highest unemployment rate and the involvement in temporary jobs among the EU member states (INJUVE, 2016; INJUVE, 2014; EC, 2017; García, 2011). When the young people cannot involve in job-market continuously and securely, they depend on their families due to the structure of the Spanish welfare state while searching a refuge from the uncertain and bitter labour market by involving in education.
Even though young people are involved in education, to avoid the labour market, education scene is not that bright in Spain. The Spanish education system consists of huge inequalities, individualism, competition (CDEJ, 1999). Scholarships have competitive and have a long list of criteria to fulfil. On the other hand, the public expenditure in Spain for youth is the lowest among the OECD countries. (Jimenez, 2016) When young people do not have financial means or their families, they tend to drop-out after the compulsory education to take care of their or their family’s needs while surviving in the volatile job market (García, 2011). Education and employment issues make young people involve less in society and stay in their family
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